MECHANICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PP/PE COMPOSITE FISHING NET ROPES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17770/etr2025vol4.8398Keywords:
Polypropylene, polyethylene, calcium carbonate additives, extrusion process parameters, composite ropesAbstract
This study examined how the extrusion process, which is affected by different thermal settings, and the raw material sources, composed of various polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) blends with or without calcium carbonate (CaCO3) additives, influence the quality and mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, elongation, and stiffness, of composite ropes for fishing net production. A comparative analysis of extrusion process parameters was conducted among four distinct extruders from the Promatech, Miyachi, Sima, and Ichikawa companies with a focus on their thermal settings, characterized by varying the temperature profiles. The investigation was extended to the utilization of PP derived from different sources and granule compositions, including formulations with CaCO3 additives. In terms of breaking force, the samples with CaCO3 showed an average increase of 5.2% when compared to those without CaCO3. With the addition of CaCO3, the elongation at break increased by an average of 8.7%. The addition of CaCO3, surprisingly, resulted in a slight decrease in stiffness, averaging a decrease of 2.1% when compared to the samples without CaCO3. Most significantly, the addition of CaCO3 resulted in a significant decrease in Young's modulus, with an average reduction of approximately 66.4% compared to the samples without CaCO3. This study reveals substantial differences in rope mechanical quality due to variations in raw materials and extrusion parameters, emphasizing the need for adapting the manufacturing process to consistently produce high-quality composite ropes for knitting fishing nets.
References
B. Baye and T. Tesfaye, “The new generation fibers: a review of high performance and specialty fibers,” Polym. Bull., vol. 79, no. 11, pp. 9221–9235, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s00289-021-03966-6.
I. Lasenko, J. V Sanchaniya, S. P. Kanukuntla, A. Viluma-Gudmona, S. Vasilevska, and S. R. Vejanand, “Assessment of Physical and Mechanical Parameters of Spun-Bond Nonwoven Fabric,” Polymers, vol. 16, no. 20. 2024. doi: 10.3390/polym16202920.
K. Dharmalingam and R. Anandalakshmi, Polysaccharide-Based Films for Food Packaging Applications. 2019. doi: 10.1007/978-981-32-9804-0_9.
H. Mohammadi, Z. Ahmad, S.A. Mazlan, M.A. Faizal Johari, G. Siebert, M. Petrů, S.S. Rahimian Koloor, “Lightweight Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite for Automotive Bumper Applications: A Review,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–30, 2023, doi: 10.3390/polym15010193.
V. T. Rathod, J. S. Kumar, and A. Jain, “Polymer and ceramic nanocomposites for aerospace applications,” Appl. Nanosci., vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 519–548, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s13204-017-0592-9.
J. Jeevanandam, S. Pan, J. Rodrigues, M. A. Elkodous, and M. K. Danquah, “Medical applications of biopolymer nanofibers,” Biomater. Sci., vol. 10, no. 15, pp. 4107–4118, 2022, doi: 10.1039/D2BM00701K.
J.V. Sanchaniya, I. Lasenko, S.-P. Kanukuntala, H. Smogor, A. Viluma-Gudmona, A. Krasnikovs, V. Gobins, I. Tipans, “Mechanical and thermal characteristics of annealed-oriented PAN nanofibers,” Polymers (Basel)., 2023, doi: doi.org/10.3390/polym15153287.
J. V. Sanchaniya, I. Lasenko, S. P. Kanukuntla, A. Mannodi, A. Viluma-gudmona, and V. Gobins, “Preparation and Characterization of Non-Crimping Laminated Textile Composites Reinforced with Electrospun Nanofibers,” Nanomaterials, vol. 13, no. 13, p. 1949, 2023, doi: 10.3390/nano13131949.
D. Grauda, D. Butkauskas, R Vyšniauskienė, V. Rančelienė, N. Krasņevska, A. Miķelsone, K. Žagata, V. Gobiņš, I. Rashal, D. Rašals,, “Establishment of Biotesting System to Study Features of Innovative Multifunctional Biotextile,” Proc. Latv. Acad. Sci. Sect. B Nat. Exact, Appl. Sci., vol. 77, no. 3–4, pp. 186–192, 2023, doi: 10.2478/prolas-2023-0026.
A. D. Mori, A. Karali, E. Daskalakis, R. Hing, P. S. D. Jorge, G. Cooper, G. Blunn, “Poly- ε -Caprolactone 3D-Printed Porous Scaffold in a Femoral Condyle Defect Model Induces Early Osteo-Regeneration,” pp. 1–14, 2024.
J. V Sanchaniya and S. Kanukuntla, “Morphology and mechanical properties of PAN nanofiber mat,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 2423, no. 1, p. 012018, 2023, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2423/1/012018.
J. V. Sanchaniya, S.-P. Kanukuntla, S. Simon, and A. Gerina-Ancane, “Analysis of mechanical properties of composite nanofibers constructed on rotating drum and collector plate,” 21st Int. Sci. Conf. Eng. Rural Dev. Proc., vol. 21, pp. 737–744, 2022, doi: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf227.
S. Gao, G. Tang, D. Hua, R. Xiong, J. Han, S. Jiang, Q. Zhang, C. Huang, “Stimuli-responsive bio-based polymeric systems and their applications,” J. Mater. Chem. B, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 709–729, 2019, doi: 10.1039/c8tb02491j.
J. V. Sanchaniya, I. Lasenko, V. Gobins, and A. Kobeissi, “A Finite Element Method for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Nanofibrous Mats,” Polym., vol. 16, no. 6, p. 852, 2024, doi: 10.3390/polym16060852.
J.V. Sanchaniya, I. Lasenko, V. Vijayan, H. Smogor, V. Gobins, A. Kobeissi, D. Goljandin, “A Novel Method to Enhance the Mechanical Properties of Polyacrylonitrile Nanofiber Mats: An Experimental and Numerical Investigation,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 16, no. 7, p. 992, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.3390/polym16070992.
R. Skvorčinskienė, N. Striūgas, R. Navakas, R. Paulauskas, K. Zakarauskas, and L. Vorotinskienė, “Thermal Analysis of Waste Fishing Nets for Polymer Recovery,” Waste and Biomass Valorization, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 3735–3744, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s12649-019-00803-w.
C. Wilcox, N. J. Mallos, G. H. Leonard, A. Rodriguez, and B. D. Hardesty, “Using expert elicitation to estimate the impacts of plastic pollution on marine wildlife,” Mar. Policy, vol. 65, pp. 107–114, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2015.10.014.
K. J. Parton, T. S. Galloway, and B. J. Godley, “Global review of shark and ray entanglement in anthropogenic marine debris,” Endanger. Species Res., vol. 39, pp. 173–190, 2019, doi: 10.3354/esr00964.
B. H. Hogan, “Net gains in aquaculture net technology,” no. June, pp. 5–9, 2020.
B. Qiu, M. Wang, W. Yu, S. Li, W. Zhang, S. Wang, J. Shi, “Environmentally Friendly and Broad – Spectrum Antibacterial Poly ( hexamethylene guanidine )– Modified Polypropylene and,” 2023.
T. Sato and M. Shishido, “Mechanical and structural properties for recycled thermoplastics from waste fishing ropes,” J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1682–1689, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10163-020-01062-x.
R. Juan, C. Domínguez, N. Robledo, B. Paredes, S. Galera, and R. A. García-Muñoz, “Challenges and opportunities for recycled polyethylene fishing nets: Towards a circular economy,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 18, pp. 1–15, 2021, doi: 10.3390/polym13183155.
A. Kozioł, K. G. Paso, and S. Kuciel, “Properties and Recyclability of Abandoned Fishing Net-Based Plastic Debris,” Catalysts, vol. 12, no. 9, 2022, doi: 10.3390/catal12090948.
R. Behaviors and A. L. Composites, “Rui Gou,” Eff. Differ. Polypropyl. Ammonium Lignosulfonate Contents Cryst. Behav. Rheol. Behav. Mech. Prop. Ethyl. Propyl. Diene Monomer/ Polypropylene/ Ammonium, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 2079–2096, 2019.
W. Yu, F. Yang, L. Wang, Y. Liu, and J. Shi, “Starch-Based Fishing Composite Fiber and Its Degradation Behavior,” Int. J. Polym. Sci., vol. 2020, 2020, doi: 10.1155/2020/9209108.
M. Hyvärinen, R. Jabeen, and T. Kärki, “The modelling of extrusion processes for polymers-A review,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 6, 2020, doi: 10.3390/polym12061306.
M. Berihuete-Azorín, O. Lozovskaya, M. Herrero-Otal, and R. Piqué I Huerta, “Fishing Nets and String at the Final Mesolithic and Early Neolithic Site of Zamostje 2, Sergiev Posad (Russia),” Open Archaeol., vol. 9, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.1515/opar-2022-0283.
D. C. Chen, D. F. Chen, S. M. Huang, and W. J. Shyr, “The Investigation of Key Factors in Polypropylene Extrusion Molding Production Quality,” Appl. Sci., vol. 12, no. 10, 2022, doi: 10.3390/app12105122.
L. Yang, S. Li, Y. Li, M. Yang, and Q. Yuan, “Experimental Investigations for Optimizing the Extrusion Parameters on FDM PLA Printed Parts,” J. Mater. Eng. Perform., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 169–182, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s11665-018-3784-x.
M. Ramesh, L. Rajeshkumar, and D. Balaji, “Influence of Process Parameters on the Properties of Additively Manufactured Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Materials: A Review,” J. Mater. Eng. Perform., vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 4792–4807, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11665-021-05832-y.
Y. Peng, M. Musah, B. Via, and X. Wang, “Calcium carbonate particles filled homopolymer polypropylene at different loading levels: Mechanical properties characterization and materials failure analysis,” J. Compos. Sci., vol. 5, no. 11, 2021, doi: 10.3390/jcs5110302.
Y. Jing, X. Nai, L. Dang, D. Zhu, Y. Wang, Y. Dong, W. Li, “Reinforcing polypropylene with calcium carbonate of different morphologies and polymorphs,” Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 745–751, 2018, doi: 10.1515/secm-2015-0307.
T. Thenepalli, A. Y. Jun, C. Han, C. Ramakrishna, and J. W. Ahn, “A strategy of precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) fillers for enhancing the mechanical properties of polypropylene polymers,” Korean J. Chem. Eng., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1009–1022, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s11814-015-0057-3.
N. S. Yousef, “Statistical Study on Additives Used to Improve Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 1, 2022, doi: 10.3390/polym14010179.
J. R. Keaton, “Young’s Modulus BT - Encyclopedia of Engineering Geology,” P. T. Bobrowsky and B. Marker, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 955–956. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_298.
K. Yamamoto, A. Takasaki, and N. Hosoya, “Assessment of Dynamic Young’s Modulus and Damping Ratio of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites using Shock Wave BT - Advances in Mechanism and Machine Science,” 2019, pp. 4217–4226.
H.-N. T. Pham and V.-T. Nguyen, “Effect of calcium carbonate on the mechanical properties of polyethylene terephthalate/polypropylene blends with styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene,” J. Mech. Sci. Technol., vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 3925–3930, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s12206-020-2201-1.
P. Castejón, M. Antunes, and D. Arencón, “Development of inorganic particle‐filled polypropylene/high density polyethylene membranes via multilayer co‐extrusion and stretching,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1–16, 2021, doi: 10.3390/polym13020306.
J. Z. Liang, C. Y. Tang, R. K. Y. Li, and T. T. Wong, “Mechanical properties of polypropylene/CaCC3 composites,” Met. Mater., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 616–619, 1998, doi: 10.1007/BF03026368.
S. Chen, X. Wang, X. Ma, and K. Wang, “Morphology and properties of polypropylene/nano-CaCO3 composites prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide-assisted extrusion,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 708–718, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s10853-015-9272-x.
F. Ke, X. Jiang, H. Xu, J. Ji, and Y. Su, “Ternary nano-CaCO 3/poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber/polypropylene composites: Increased impact strength and reinforcing mechanism,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 574–579, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.01.001.
J.-I. Weon and H.-J. Sue, “Mechanical properties of talc- and CaCO3-reinforced high-crystallinity polypropylene composites,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 2291–2300, 2006, doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-7171-x.
J. P. Duarte, C. E. M. Guilherme, A. H. M. F. T. da Silva, A. C. Mendonça, and F. Tempel Stumpf, “Lifetime prediction of aramid yarns applied to offshore mooring due to purely hydrolytic degradation,” Polym. Polym. Compos., vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 518–524, 2019, doi: 10.1177/0967391119851386.
J. K. Edzwald and J. Haarhoff, “Seawater pretreatment for reverse osmosis: Chemistry, contaminants, and coagulation,” Water Res., vol. 45, no. 17, pp. 5428–5440, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.014.
H. Xiao, S. Liu, D. Wang, and Y. Chen, “Abrasion–Corrosion Behaviors of Steel–Steel Contact in Seawater Containing Abrasive Particles,” Tribol. Trans., vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 12–18, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1080/10402004.2016.1268227.
G. Han, X. Tao, X. Li, W. Jiang, and W. Zuo, “Study of the Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Rope,” J. Eng. Fiber. Fabr., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 155892501601100100, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1177/155892501601100103.
R. Neppalli, C. Marega, A. Marigo, M.P. Bajgai, H.Y. Kim, S.S. Ray, V. Causin, “Electrospun nylon fibers for the improvement of mechanical properties and for the control of degradation behavior of poly(lactide)-based composites,” J. Mater. Res., vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1399–1409, 2012, doi: 10.1557/jmr.2012.70.
M. Spoerk, J. Gonzalez-Gutierrez, C. Lichal, H. Cajner, G.R. Berger, S. Schuschnigg, L. Cardon, C. Holzer, “Optimisation of the adhesion of polypropylene-based materials during extrusion-based additive manufacturing,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 10, no. 5, 2018, doi: 10.3390/polym10050490.
Abhijeet Gujrati, “Understanding Nanoscale Surface Roughness and its Effect on Macroscale Adhesion,” Master Thesis, vol. 27, p. i, 2020.
S. Budhe, A. Ghumatkar, N. Birajdar, and M. D. Banea, “Effect of surface roughness using different adherend materials on the adhesive bond strength,” Appl. Adhes. Sci., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 0–9, 2015, doi: 10.1186/s40563-015-0050-4.
M. D. Roussel, A. R. Guy, L. G. Shaw, and J. E. Cara, “The use of calcium carbonate in polyolefins offers significant improvement in productivity,” TAPPI Eur. PLACE Conf., vol. 1, pp. 225–236, 2005.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Inga Lasenko, Andris Martinovs, Artūrs Mačanovskis, Arta Viluma-Gudmona, Sanjay Rajni Vejanand, Sandra Vasilevska, Sai Pavan Kanukuntla
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.